Applied LLMOps

P11.applied-llm-systems.03 · Audience: guest, it-ml, language-pro · Prerequisites: Re-ranking & IR metrics, Agentic systems, tools & MCP

Real LLM grading for this pageLLM grading (this page):

A search assistant that answers beautifully in a demo can still be unshippable — too slow for the slowest five percent of its users, too expensive per query, or simply down the moment its LLM is. Keeping a patient-facing search and assistant alive in production is therefore a numbers problem before it is an architecture problem, and that is how this module treats it. You will state the non-functional frame first (queries per second, latency targets, availability, and what a degraded mode looks like), then allocate the end-to-end latency budget across the answer path, design the fallbacks for when that budget is blown, and add the ML-specific observability that ordinary service metrics miss. The same territory reappears from the cross-model fleet angle in P13's Production ML and MLOps pillar.

Step 1 / 5 — Frame it before you draw it

Before any architecture, state the non-functional frame: QPS, p95/p99 latency targets, freshness, availability SLA and what “degraded” means (e.g. 99.9%; lexical-only if the LLM is down). An interviewer wants the numbers first — they decide every downstream choice.

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🎓 Practice ladder

2 graded rungs · ~20 min

Now build the LLMOps maths yourself. Each rung is a three-panel workspace: instructions on the left, a code editor in the middle, output + test results on the right. Run checks the visible tests; Submit grades against hidden edge cases — a total exactly at the SLA still passes, the dominant stage breaks ties by order, and the batcher flushes on size or deadline with per-request wait math. The senior rung sizes the request-stream batches.

Rung 1 — Latency budget verdict

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Senior rung — Batch the request stream

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⚡ Interview Ref — the quick-scan Reference face
  • Frame first: QPS, p95/p99, freshness, availability SLA + what “degraded” means. Numbers before architecture.
  • Architecture: retrieve → re-rank → generate → guardrails, behind cache + router; design the degradation path (LLM down → lexical-only) up front.
  • Serving: self-host (control, in-region, ops burden) · vendor API (fast, new processor / cross-border) · router (cheapest model that clears quality).
  • Latency budget: allocate the SLA per stage → total, headroom, dominant stage; shed the dominant stage when blown.
  • Observability: ML-specific (recall/groundedness, quality, abstain rate, drift, cost/answer) on top of service metrics.
  • Model platform: versioned models + indexes, blue/green, eval gates, feedback loop.

Try it yourself

A scratch console for this page's ideas — ungraded, nothing you run here is recorded.

Scratch console

A scratch console with the scientific stack (pandas, numpy, scikit-learn). Runs on the server — no network, resource-limited and measured.

Output appears here.

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Where next?

Applied LLMOps — TransformerLab