Les automatismes de l'oral II : le réflexe être et il y a
P50.verb-systems.17 · Audience: guest, language-pro, it-ml
Unité GR-47 · campagne 26 · deux réflexes valent des centaines de phrases justes.
Réflexe 1 — pronominal ou mouvement : être, sans réfléchir
Every pronominal verb takes être in compound tenses, no exceptions: ils se sont serré la main, elle s'est enfuie. So does the small club of movement verbs — aller, venir, arriver, rester, tomber, naître, mourir and family — but not courir or marcher, which move just as much and still take avoir. The wrong auxiliary (« je m'ai… », « ils s'ont… ») is among the most audible errors in French; the drill items put it in your ear until the correct form wins by reflex.
Réflexe 2 — il y a is one word of three syllables
Existence is il y a — never il a, which means someone owns something. Its negation snaps into il n'y a pas, and the article collapses to de : il n'y a pas de monnaie. With a quantity, en joins the chain : il n'y en a plus.
Sound first, spelling after: answer by ear, then read the revealed transcript.
Going further
Minimal pairs. One change between the two sentences, and what it does:
| Sentence | Its pair | What the one change does |
|---|---|---|
| Il y a du pain. | Il a du pain. | there is against he has |
| Je me suis levé. | J'ai levé la main. | a pronominal verb takes être; the same verb with a direct object takes avoir |
| Elle est montée. | Elle a monté les valises. | monter alone takes être; with a direct object, avoir |
| Il est sorti. | Il a sorti le chien. | the same switch for sortir |
Six verbs switch to avoir with a direct object: je suis sorti, but j'ai sorti la poubelle — same for monter, descendre, rentrer, passer, retourner. The full choice is on être ou avoir.
Agreement with pronominal verbs depends on what se is: elle s'est lavée (direct) but elle s'est lavé les mains, ils se sont parlé (indirect).
More il y a: il y avait, il y a eu, il y aura; and il y a meaning "ago": Je suis arrivé il y a deux ans.
| Written | Correct | Why |
|---|---|---|
| Je suis sorti la poubelle. | J'ai sorti la poubelle. | a direct object switches to avoir |
| Elle s'est lavée les mains. | Elle s'est lavé les mains. | the direct object comes after |
| Il a beaucoup de monde. | Il y a beaucoup de monde. | il y a ≠ il a |
Why do pronominal verbs take être? The subject and the object are the same person: je me lave describes what happens to me, a state of the subject, which is what être marks.
Where me, te, se go in the chain is on Où va le pronom ?.
In Russian there is no auxiliary and no existential verb in the present — у меня есть, or nothing at all. French always needs one: il y a for existence, avoir or être in every compound tense.
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Later in Verb Systems (written)